Barques aux Martigues, 1907
Oil on canvas
Fanny Guillon-Laffaille will include this painting in her second supplement to the Dufy catalogue raisonné de l'oeuvre peint.
Dufy had encountered the paintings of the artists who became known as 'les Fauves'--Camoin, Derain, Mangin, Marquet, Matisse and Vlaminck-- even before the famous Salon d'Automne of 1905. Dufy had been exhibiting pictures at Berthe Weill's gallery since 1902, and her small shop also hosted exhibitions of Matisse and his colleagues. During the summer and fall of 1904 Dufy painted in Fécamp in the company of Marquet. Dufy's manner during this period was Impressionist, and his muted, pastel rendering of the subtle nuances of northern light owed much to the example of Boudin and early Monet.
Matisse's painting Luxe, calme et volupté (coll. Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris) came as a revelation to Dufy when he viewed it in March 1905 at the 21st Salon des Indipendants. He later recalled how he then grasped "all the new reasons for painting...I understood instantly the new pictorial mechanics" (quoted in J. Freeman, The Fauve Landscape, exh. cat., The Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1990, p. 68). The example of Luxe, calme et volupté revealed to Dufy how it was possible to interpret nature not merely by finely observed effects of light, but through the boldly subjective organization of pure color. Looking at his pigments, the artist pondered, "With these how can I attain not only what I see but that which is, that which exists for me, my reality? Here was the entire problem...From this day forward it was impossible for me to return to my sterile battles with the elements which offered themselves to me. It was no longer a question of representing these elements within the exterior form" (quoted in ibid., p. 94).
The paintings that Dufy subsequently viewed in the notorious room 7 of the 1905 Salon d'Automne, 'le cage aux Fauves,' convinced him that he should ally himself with the new movement. It had also attracted two artists who, like Dufy, had come from Le Havre and liked to paint along the channel coast: Braque and Friesz. Matisse, however, was protective of his group's celebrity and resisted Berthe Weill when she sought his permission to include Dufy in the same room with the rest of the Fauve circle in a group show at her gallery in the fall of 1905. Weill was very loyal to Dufy, who had become her favorite Fauve, and she gave him his first one-man show in 1906. Differences between the Normandy group and the original Fauve circle were already becoming apparent. Dufy, Braque and Friesz liked to paint the channel ports and resort beaches in a manner that embraced contemporary urban life. Matisse and his followers preferred to seek out landscapes in the South and along the Mediterranean that projected a timeless and idyllic aspect.
By 1907 it was becoming clear that the Fauves were sharing less and less of a common agenda, and that their belief in using pure color had opened up more formal possibilities than any one group could incorporate. Indeed, the dialectic had begun to swing away from color to a more structural use of form. The impact of Cézanne was now becoming very powerful. There was a special exhibition of his paintings in the 20th Salon des Indépendants in the spring of 1904, as well as a gallery devoted to his work in the Salon d'Automne of the same year. Cézanne died in 1906, and there was a memorial exhibition in the 23rd Salon des Indépendants, followed by a major retrospective in the Fifth Salon d'Automne, both in 1907.
The present painting dates from the final phase of Dufy's engagement with Fauvism. Dufy had spent the summer of 1907 painting in Le Havre and nearby Saint-Adresse, his favorite sites on the channel coast. In the fall he traveled to Marseille and the small fishing town of Les Martigues to the west, which he had first visited in the summer of 1903, and he returned there several more times in subsequent years. Camoin had described Les Martigues as "a marvelous region, a Proven?al Venice" (quoted in ibid., p. 83). In a series of paintings Dufy depicted the colorfully painted boats of the Mediterranean fishermen drawn up on the beach or floating in the harbor, with the buildings of the village in the background. "While [Dufy] remained devoted to a sustained chromaticism, he arranged his forms in a tiered perspective: the greatest emphasis is placed on a rigorous geometrical style which defines the structures repeated throughout the composition. A pivotal work, this painting [another work in this series] reveals the influence of Cézanne and anticipates the new direction in which Dufy's experiments were to lead him at the beginning of 1908" (D. Perez-Tibi, Dufy, New York, 1989, p. 32).
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